<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="0.92"><channel><title>Human Rights and Literature</title><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/</link><description></description><language>en-US</language><docs>http://backend.userland.com/rss092</docs><image><title>Human Rights and Literature</title><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/</link><url>http://data5.blog.de/design/preview/cf/61d1055e17e507b93d04a06431a8c9_160x200.jpg</url></image><item><title>A MORAL STORY WITH PICTURE</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;A woman came out of her house and saw 3 old men with long white beards sitting in her front yard. She did not recognize them. She said "I don't think I know you, but you must be hungry. Please come in and have something to eat." &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Is the man of the house home?", they asked. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"No", she replied. "He's out." &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Then we cannot come in", they replied.&lt;br&gt;
In the evening when her husband came home, she told him what had happened.&lt;br&gt;
"Go tell them I am home and invite them in!"&lt;br&gt;
The woman went out and invited the men in" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"We do not go into a House together," they replied. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Why is that?" she asked. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;One of the old men explained: "His name is Wealth," he said pointing to one of his friends, and said pointing to another one, "He is Success, and I am Love." Then he added, "Now go in and discuss with your husband which one of us you want in your home." &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The woman went in and told her husband what was said. Her husband was overjoyed. "How n ice!!", he said. "Since that is the case, let us invite Wealth. Let him come and fill our home with wealth!" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;His wife disagreed. "My dear, why don't we invite Success?" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Their daughter-in-law was listening from the other corner of the house. She jumped in with her own suggestion: "Would it not be better to invite Love? Our home will then be filled with love!" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Let us heed our daughter-in-law's advice," said the husband to his wife.&lt;br&gt;
"Go out and invite Love to be our guest."&lt;br&gt;
The woman went out and asked the 3 old men, "Which one of you is Love? Please come in and be our guest." &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Love got up and started walking toward the house. The other 2 also got up and followed him. Surprised, t he lady asked Wealth and Success: "I only invited Love, Why are you coming in?" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The old men replied together: "If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would've stayed out, but since you invited Love, wherever He goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success!!!!!!" &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;MY WISH FOR YOU...&lt;br&gt;
-Where there is pain, I wish you peace and mercy.&lt;br&gt;
-Where there is self-doubting, I wish you a renewed confidence in your ability to work through it.&lt;br&gt;
-Where there is tiredness, or exhaustion, I wish you understanding, patience, and renewed strength.&lt;br&gt;
-Where there is fear, I wish you love, and courage.&lt;br&gt;
You have two choices right now:&lt;br&gt;
1. Delete this email.&lt;br&gt;
2. Invite love by sharing this story with all the people you care about. &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2008/09/05/a-moral-story-with-picture-4684527/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2008/09/05/a-moral-story-with-picture-4684527/</link><pubDate>Fri, 05 Sep 2008 08:23:46 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>Maoists not to give up ‘back to jungle’ option</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;KATHMANDU, Nov 28 - A CPN-Maoist leader on Tuesday said that the party would not give up the option of going back to the jungle if their demands are not fulfilled.&lt;br&gt;
"If our demands for a fully proportional electoral system and proclamation of a republic from paliament are not met we will go &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;back to war," said Dr Babu Ram Bhattarai, central&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt; committee member of the party. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Speaking at an interaction program organized by Nepal Dalit Mukti Morcha (United) he claimed that even if they go back to war the country would not fail. Responding to the statement of Bishwa Kanta Mainali, chairperson of Nepal Bar Association, that the country would fail if the Maoists did not come to an agreeable solution, Dr Bhattarai said, "Foreign powers may say the country has become a failed state. But our party strongly believes that this will not happen because the people of the country are aware enough to take up arms to have their issues addressed."&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;He also claimed that their signing of agreements in the past were just for &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;the sake of peace. He said they had agreed to proclaiming a republic through the CA because they were assured of CA elections in April. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Similarly, we signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord because the Nepali Congress would have gone out of the peace process if we had not agreed," he claimed. Failure to hold CA elections is due to the country still not being proclaimed a republic, he claimed. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Show me a state that has a history of having conducted CA election while also having a monarchy." he said and added, "We firmly believe the CA poll is not possible unless the is king removed. If anyone believes otherwise, prove it to us." &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;He also said that the target of the Maoists for now is to enter into liberal capitalism through industrialization, which would not be possible with a monarchy still around. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Speaking at the program Mainali suggested that &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;the Maoists should not &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;fuel war but  follow &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;agreements reached in the past. "The country is already a republic. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The only thing left is that we have to do it through the CA to make it legal. The Maoists should agree to this," he said.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Source: Kathmandu Post
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/11/28/maoists_not_to_give_up_back_to_jungle_op~3363409/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/11/28/maoists_not_to_give_up_back_to_jungle_op~3363409/</link><pubDate>Wed, 28 Nov 2007 10:18:16 +0100</pubDate></item><item><title>title-2668973</title><description>&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/07/20/title~2668973/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/07/20/title~2668973/</link><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jul 2007 10:36:15 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>अन्तरिम योजनाका चुनौती</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;एक दशक लामो शशस्त्र द्धन्द्धपछि अहिलेको आवश्यकता मुलुकको पुन निर्माण पुनस्थापन र पुनसंयोजनको हो । तीनवर्षे अन्तरिम योजनाका प्रमुख उद्येश्य पनि यस्तै हुनुपर्छ ।&lt;br&gt;
हालै अन्तरिम योजनाको मस्यौदा सार्वजनिक भएको छ । यतिखेर हामिले ध्यान दिनुपर्ने कुरा मुलुकको वर्तमान स्थिती नै हो । सङक्रमणकालीन नेपालमा विकास निर्माण तथा वन्द व्यापारका लागि सहज स्थिती छैन । अर्कातर्फ नेपालका ५२ जिल्लामा गरिवी राष्टिय अौषत भन्दा बढी छ । शान्ति स्थापना पछि पनि नेपालको आथिक वृद्धिदर पछिल्लो पाँच वर्षमा कम रह्ययो । तरल राजनैतिक वातावरण बढ्दो टेड युनियन समस्याले थप लगानी होइनऽ पूजी पलायनलाई वढावा दिईरहेको छ । अर्कातिर सत्तामा रहेका आठ राजनीतिक दलले साझा आर्थिक एजेन्डा ल्याउन सकेका छैनन् ।&lt;br&gt;
यस्तो पृष्ठभुमिमा राष्टिय योजना आयोगलाई तीन वर्षे अन्तरिम योजनाको आधारपत्र बनाउनु चुनौतीपूर्ण कार्य थियो । हालै पस्तुत अन्तरिम योजना वढी महत्वकाक्षी देखिएको छ ।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/07/09/a_2309_a_2344_a_2381_a_2340_a_2352_a_236~2600136/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/07/09/a_2309_a_2344_a_2381_a_2340_a_2352_a_236~2600136/</link><pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2007 09:23:03 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>म टाढा बसेको छैन</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;दादा ॥&lt;br&gt;
संगै बस्न मन नभएको न त मेरो दाजुलाई थियो यसपाला न त मलाई नै । करिव २ बर्षको पुरा बसाईपछी नेपाल फर्केको मेरा दाजु सँग दुई चार दिन भएपनि सँगै रहने मलाई पनि अति नै मन थियो । तर समय परिस्थिती नै पापी भएपछि कस्को के लाग्दो रहेछ र । मेरो पोखराको बसाई अनि घर पाल्पा वा वुटवल अलिक पायक नपरेको हो की जस्तो पनि लाग्छ वेलावेलामा सोच्दा । तर पनि मन भएको भए त्यो पनि केही होईन एकमनको सोचाई ।&lt;br&gt;
काठमाण्डौको किर्तिपुरमा बसेर पढ्दा पढ्दै दादालाई त्रिभुवन विमानस्थलमा पुगेर विदाई गरेको थिए । पुन फेरी दादा आउँदा लिन जाने शर्तमा तर यसपाला म त्याँहा लिन जान पनि सकिन । यस्को लागि मेरो जागिर बाधक एक अर्थमा थियो भने अर्को अर्थमा मेरो जीवन आफै । परिवार सानो हुँदा मात्र को लागि होईछ जस्तो लाग्छ कतिवेला त । ठुलो भएपछि बाबुआमा दाजुभाइ दिदिबहिनी सँगै हुन पनि निकै समय कुर्न पर्दोरहेछ ।&lt;br&gt;
यसपाला नसोचेको हिसावले जिवनको एउटा कर्म पनि भयो । तर कहिलेकाही लाग्छ हतारमा कर्म गरियो ।&lt;br&gt;
टु वि कन्टिन्युड‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/27/a_2350_a_2335_a_2366_a_2338_a_2366_a_234~2528648/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/27/a_2350_a_2335_a_2366_a_2338_a_2366_a_234~2528648/</link><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2007 10:45:00 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>दादालाई नेपालको चिठी</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;असार १३ ॥ २०६४&lt;br&gt;
दादा ॥&lt;br&gt;
म सन्चै छु । पशुपतिनाथका कृपाले तपाँई पनि खाडी मुलुकमा सन्चै हुनुहोला भन्ने कामना गर्दै छु ।&lt;br&gt;
खास खवर त केही पनि छैन । हुनत खवर नै किन चाहियो र दुई चार अक्षर कोर्न ।&lt;br&gt;
तपाइको विजुलि पत्र  पाए ।  यो विजुली पत्र नै आजकल तपाईको र मेरो कुरा कानीको आधार भएको मा कतिवेला खुशी लाग्छ त कतिवेला दुख पनि । अझै भनु भने अक्षरले मात्र पनि खुशी बनाउँछ ।&lt;br&gt;
अनि तपाइ आउने खवरले त खुसि नै बनायो । खाडीको दुनियामा बस्दाबस्दा वाक्क भएर फर्कन खोजेको मेरो दाजुको समाचार ले मलाइ खुशि नबनाउने कुरै भएन । भाई को व्यवस्थाको वारेमा मैले पनि गहन रुपमा सोचेको हो नै तर मलाई लाग्छ उसले अव जागीर गरेर काठमाण्डौमा बस्दा उपयुत्त हुन्थो । हालसम्म पनि महेश काठमाण्डाैमा नै छ । उसले केही गरे हुन्छ अव फुर्सदको समयमा । मैले पनि त्यही भनेको छु । तपाईको नया खवर केही भए लेखि पठाउनुहोला ।&lt;br&gt;
उहि तपाइको भाई&lt;br&gt;
--&lt;br&gt;
बाबुराम अर्याल&lt;br&gt;
नेपालबाट&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;दादा&lt;br&gt;
 शुभ बिहानीको सुरुवात सँगै यो मेल लेख्ने प्रयास गदै छु ।&lt;br&gt;
 नया र ताजा समाचार त आजपनि मसँग केही छैन तर पनि एक दुई अक्षर कोर्ने जमर्को गर्दैछु ।&lt;br&gt;
 हरेक दिन एउटा सानो पत्र म मेरो विदेशमा रहेको दाजुसँग शेयर गर्न पाउँदा आफैलाई भाग्यमानी ठान्दछु । जे होस इन्टरनेटको दुनियासँग रम्न पाउँदा खुशि छु ।&lt;br&gt;
घरमा फोन नगरेको धेरै भइसक्यो आज गर्छु भनेको छु । आमा बाबा सन्चै हुनुहुन्छ होला जस्तो लागेको छ। नत्र त घरवाट आमाले फोन पक्कै गर्नुहुन्थ्यो होला ।&lt;br&gt;
बर्खा लागेको छ यहाँ पोखरामा त तर घरतिर पानि परेको छैन भन्दैहुनुहुन्थ्यो आमा ४ ५ दिन अगाडी फोन गर्दा । घरतिर यसपालि मकै राम्रो भएन किनकी पानि नै परेन ।&lt;br&gt;
जेष्ठ महिनामा त म घर जादा मकै नै छरेको थिएन ।&lt;br&gt;
आज थोरै समय निकालेर लामो मेल लेख्ने जमर्को गरेको छु ।&lt;br&gt;
&lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk"&gt;http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br&gt;
दादा यो ब्लग मैले आफै बनाएको छु हेर्नुहोला अनि तपाईको साथिहरुलाइ पनि फरवाड गरिदिनुहोला ल
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/27/a_2342_a_2366_a_2342_a_2366_a_2354_a_236~2527551/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/27/a_2342_a_2366_a_2342_a_2366_a_2354_a_236~2527551/</link><pubDate>Wed, 27 Jun 2007 07:36:34 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>युनिकोड तिम्रो नाम</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;यो अनुपको मेलले मलाई साच्चै नै युनीकोडमा लेख्न मन लागेको छ । हुनत यो नजानी नहुने कुरा रहेनछ तर पनी किन किन यूनीकोडमा नै लेख्ने इच्छा जागेर आयो । अझैपनि मेरो मन शान्त भएको छैन । आजपनी दिन त्यतीकै बितेर गयो । बेकारमा वितेका यी दिन सम्झीदा लाग्छ मन मेरो अझै शान्त नभएको हो की ।&lt;br&gt;
जीन्दगीको उपहार के दिउ तिमीलाई भनि हिजोमात्र एउटी मोरीले भनेकी थिई म सोझो मोरो के भनु के भनु भएर युनिकोडमा लेख्न सिकाईदेउ न त भनेछु । पछि कस्तो पछुतो पो लाग्यो त हो गाठे ।&lt;br&gt;
उपहार दिन उ फेवातालको किनारमा आउछु भन्थी मोरी । एकपटक फोनमा लजाउदै भनि के हो तपाई त अचम्मको उपहार पो माग्नुहुदोरहेछ । म अक्क न वक्क परे । आखिर मात्र एक दिन म बरालिदै बेगनास तालको किनारमा पुग्दा भेट भएकि मोरी त थिई । मलाई अचम्म नै पारिदिई ।&lt;br&gt;
कस्ती राम्रि रहेछ । ए साच्चै म त यता तिर फस्न त लागिन । म तर्सेको पो थिए त । अऊधी राम्रि पो रहेछ उसको जिउडाल त । भगवान ले पनि फुर्सद लिएर नै बनाएका । धैरै समय खर्चेर बनाएको माल नराम्रो हुने त कुरै भएन त्हीपनि । अचानकै बेगनास को किनारमा भेट भएपनि पहिलो भेटमा नै मन खोलेर कुरा गरेकी थिई । सोध्दै जाँदा एकपटक उसको अङ्ग्रेजी भनाउदो नेपालको बेलायति सैनिक सँग विवाह भएको तर पछि लाहुरे घर नफकेको तर पैसा भने मनगन्य पठाएको कुरा खोल्न पनि पछि परिन उ भेटघाटको दौरानमा । &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2351_a_2369_a_2344_a_2367_a_2325_a_237~2521779/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2351_a_2369_a_2344_a_2367_a_2325_a_237~2521779/</link><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:59:41 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>कविता</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;गफ लगाएर बसेको पनि धेरै भईसक्यो ।&lt;br&gt;
गफ लगाउदा लगाउदै उमेर पनि ढल्किसक्यो ।&lt;br&gt;
माया गर्न भनि हिड्दा हिड्दै समयले धोका दिईसक्यो ।&lt;br&gt;
कविता लेखेर कवि बन्न खोज्दा खोज्दै आखाँले नै धोका दिईसक्यो ।
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2325_a_2357_a_2367_a_2340_a~2521642/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2325_a_2357_a_2367_a_2340_a~2521642/</link><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:35:51 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>जीवन/LIFE</title><description>	&lt;p&gt; Life is itself a stream&lt;br&gt;
Try to run it in mainstream&lt;br&gt;
Where you can move with it&lt;br&gt;
Adjust forcefully with it&lt;br&gt;
A life without stream source is not life&lt;br&gt;
Man by nature is flowing with it&lt;br&gt;
Love passion stiffness misery sadness&lt;br&gt;
Pain gain loss chance dance&lt;br&gt;
Everything happens with it&lt;br&gt;
Life for only living&lt;br&gt;
And only for others is not life&lt;br&gt;
Everything should be taken as granted&lt;br&gt;
Everything should be accepted&lt;br&gt;
Everything should be sacrificed&lt;br&gt;
If time and situation demands&lt;br&gt;
A life without misery is not life&lt;br&gt;
If yes then you could not understand it&lt;br&gt;
A life so understood everything&lt;br&gt;
Life without fluctuations is not possible&lt;br&gt;
Life without sorrow has not its existence&lt;br&gt;
If you could show pain&lt;br&gt;
Then you could show happiness as well&lt;br&gt;
So that is life&lt;br&gt;
Try to understand it&lt;br&gt;
Try to grasp for everything&lt;br&gt;
Life itself is mixture of tear and fear&lt;br&gt;
Life itself is mixture of gain and loss&lt;br&gt;
Life itself is mixture of joy ness and happiness&lt;br&gt;
Then life is mixture of pain and gain&lt;br&gt;
Love one of the ingredients of life&lt;br&gt;
Possible only if only two hearts mingle&lt;br&gt;
Love without passion possible only in hermit life&lt;br&gt;
A love without sex becomes fruit without liquid&lt;br&gt;
Love with sex itself again creates tension&lt;br&gt;
It needs passion with reason&lt;br&gt;
Love between male and male is not possible&lt;br&gt;
If it transcends the relationship&lt;br&gt;
Love between female and female is as male&lt;br&gt;
Love between opposite sex becomes possible&lt;br&gt;
If both parties understood the meaning of love&lt;br&gt;
Love is that where it automatically happens&lt;br&gt;
It is not done to each other&lt;br&gt;
It is self motivate force&lt;br&gt;
Love can not accept any kind of bondage&lt;br&gt;
There is no borderline of love&lt;br&gt;
There is no caste ethnicity race color of love&lt;br&gt;
An element of life runs in its way&lt;br&gt;
An element of living base accepts any case&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2332_a_2368_a_2357_a_2344_life~2521512/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2332_a_2368_a_2357_a_2344_life~2521512/</link><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 10:14:22 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>मानव अधिकार</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;मानव अधिकार सवै मानिसको अधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;मानव अधिकार सवैको बाच्न पाउने अधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;मानव अधिकार तिमो पनि अधिकार मेरो पनि अधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;मानव अधिकार प‍ाकृतिक अधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;यो नै हो सवैको सवाृधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;यो नै हो हामि सवैको अधिकार&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2350_a_2366_a_2344_a_2357_a_2309_a_234~2521374/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/26/a_2350_a_2366_a_2344_a_2357_a_2309_a_234~2521374/</link><pubDate>Tue, 26 Jun 2007 09:50:34 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>INTERNATIONAL LAW</title><description>&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/international_law~2473156/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/international_law~2473156/</link><pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 10:22:29 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>How to Find the Meaning of Words as You Read</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;How to Find the Meaning of Words as You Read&lt;br&gt;
Vocabulary Building and Reading Comprehension &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The meaning of unknown words which you come across in your reading sometimes can be known by their surroundings, that is, their contexts. The context of the sentence can tell us the part of speech of the unknown word. Using the context of the paragraph to define unknown words can also helpful. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Although it takes practice, it is the easiest and most efficient way to identify words. Often, using the context is the only way to figure out the meaning of the word as it is used in the sentence, passage, or chapter. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Consider the word "bar". Bar is a common word. But without surrounding words, you don't know if it describes soap, a place that serves beer, a sand formation at the beach, a way to lock the door, or... &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Readers often have trouble because they identify the literal but incorrect meaning of a word when they should identify the way it was used in the passage. The following sections will give you more explanation and some exercises on how to get help on the meaning of unknown words by checking their part of speech and their place in context. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;A. Using the Part of Speech of the unknown word as a help in reading. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;One consideration in using the context is to determine the unknown word's part of speech. The words around the unknown word give you clues. Once you know if the word is a noun or if it is an adjective, it often is enough for you to continue reading intelligently without having to stop to look up the meaning of the word. After coming across the word a few more times, you will know its meaning more firmly than if you had just looked it up. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;In the following sentences, identify the part of speech of the italicized words by writing N if the word is a noun, V if the italicized word is a verb, Adj if the italicized word is an adjective, or Adv if the italicized word is an adverb. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Example: She liked to wear red and always wore jewelry made of carnelian. Ans. N&lt;br&gt;
1. The dirty old man gave the young woman a salacious look. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. The president prayed for the sagacity to make the right decision in the face of many alternatives. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. The man looked at the rusty old gadget and wondered how its mechanism worked. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. The dying man designated his son to receive his property. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. The brindled dog barked loudly. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;6. The father caressed his crying child with great tenderness. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;7. "Don’t patronize us; we are not children!" said the angry indigenous leaders to the politicians. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;8. John was a good emanuensis, always taking dictation correctly and typing up all of his employer’s correspondence. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;9. The boy was disappointed by the paltry amount he received as an inheritance when his grandfather died. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;10. The young boy ran clumsily down the hill with his arms and legs flapping all over. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;B. USING OTHER CLUES GOTTEN FROM THE TEXT ITSELF &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Knowing the part of speech of the unknown word is not the only way to figure out its meaning. There are other clues to the meanings of unknown words. They are found directly within a sentence, paragraph, passage, or chapter. Being able to recognize these clues helps you define new words in context. These clues are found right in the text and can be words or punctuation marks or specific words or phrases. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;You use them to compare words or to identify unknown words that mean the same or the opposite of words you already know. The clues can also be used to define unknown words that are examples of a group. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;There are five other clues that will help you: 1. Punctuation clues, 2. Definition clues, 3. Contrast clues, 4.Comparison clues, and 5. Example clues. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Of these types, the most important are the Contrast clues and the Comparison Clues. The other clues are very obvious and are given here just for the sake of completeness. The reader should concentrate on the Contrast and the Comparison clues. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The five text based clues are useful but the most powerful tool is the Framework based clue. This is the use of information from your own experience, common sense, and the context in which you find the difficult word. There will be examples of this tool at the end of the paper. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. Punctuation Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Punctuation clues are given when the unknown word is set off by commas, parentheses, brackets, or dashes. The information contained within the punctuation marks sometimes means the same or nearly the same as the unknown words. Or, the unknown word might be set off from its meaning by punctuation marks. Information set off by punctuation marks may clarify rather than define the word. Finding these clues is not foolproof. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Example of Punctuation Clue: Nicotine, a colorless and oily drug in tobacco, stains the teeth of chain smokers. Explanation: The words between the commas-a colorless and oily drug in tobacco-define nicotine . &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Punctuation Exercise: Underline the punctuation clue that tells you the meaning of the italicized word. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. The soldiers advanced down the small deep-sided gulch (a narrow valley) into an ambush. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. The philosopher Descartes helped to establish dualism (the separation of mind and body). &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. Metamemory -knowledge about one's memory processes-is helpful in helping us store and recall information. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. Adjunct aids-techniques used to assist students' comprehension of reading materials-have been found to be quite useful. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. Definition Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Definition clues join the unknown word with the word(s) that rename it or tell its meaning. The clues precede or follow words that are or act like linking verbs. A linking verb shows no action but indicates being. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Examples of these verbs are: is, was, are, means, i.e. (that is), involves, is called, that is, or resembles. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;For example: The mansion's piazza resembled a large uncovered patio. Explanation: The word resembled joins piazza with its meaning so it is a clue that lets us know that a piazza is a large uncovered patio. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Definition Exercise: Use definition text-based clues to find the meaning of the italicized word. Underline the word (or words) that tells you the meaning of the italicized word. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. The art, science, or profession of teaching is called pedagogy. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. Divergent thinking is generating many different ideas in order to solve a problem. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. Conservative behavior involves cautious or conventional actions. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia is a monsoon. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. Criterion means a standard or rule by which a judgment is formed. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;6. A souk is an open-air marketplace in North Africa. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. Contrast Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;With contrast clues, you use the opposite of known information to determine the unknown word. Connecting words like however, yet, on the other hand, instead of, but, while, and although join the unknown word with another word that is its opposite. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Example of Contrast Clue: &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;My sister is extremely neat in appearance while she is slovenly in her housekeeping. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Explanation: The word "while" indicates that slovenly means the opposite of neat. Thus, slovenly means sloppy or messy. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Contrast Exercise: Determine the meaning of the italicized word by using contrast text-based clues. Exercise Example: Although the patron asked for a solemn poem, the poet wrote doggerel. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1.The tumor was benign; nevertheless, the doctor decided to treat it as if it could injure the patient. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2.Some business disputes can be settled out of court; on the other hand; others require litigation. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. At first the labor union leaders and the factory owners argued about pay schedules and benefits; however, they finally came to a compromise. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. Gina's leg muscles continued to atrophy because of her injury, but she exercised to build up their strength. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. Carlos acquiesced to Jane's demands instead of standing his ground and defending his viewpoint. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. Comparison Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Comparison clues indicate that two or more things are alike. A comparison is possible because the known and unknown words have similarities. Words like similarly, as well as, both, and likewise show you that comparisons can be made. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Examples of Comparison Clue: &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Miss Johnson is a prim, modest woman; likewise, many of her friends are very proper. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Explanation: Likewise is used to compare prim to proper. Proper means respectable. Thus, prim has a similar meaning. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. The Greek vase was made of alabaster; similarly, the Roman lamp was also of a translucent, white stone. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. Taking out the garbage was an onerous task; likewise, washing dishes can be a hard job. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. Repartee, as well as other kinds of humorous conversation, kept the talk show from becoming boring. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. Birds are oviparous; similarly, fish and reptiles lay eggs that hatch outside of the body. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. Both accountants and CPA’s are necessary for a large company’s financial office. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;6. The old chair was protected by both handmade antimacassars and other coverings. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. Example Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Example clues tell you an example of an unknown word follows. You derive the meaning of the unknown word by determining what the examples have in common. Example clues are usually introduced by the following words and phrases: such as, such, other, for example, and like. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Example of "Example" Clue: Potentates-such as kings, queens, and emperors-are very powerful and wealthy people. Explanation: Since kings, queens, and emperors are the rulers of countries, potentates are rulers. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;"Example" Clue EXERCISE: Underline the words that explain the italicized words. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Canines, such as collies, pugs, and poodles, are good pets. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Edifices, such as skyscrapers and condominiums, are found in cities. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Various means of conveyance-for example, cars, subways, and ships are used worldwide. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Nickels, dimes, dollars, and other kinds of legal tender are used to purchase goods. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Many people enjoy eating mollusks, like clams and snails. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Fiduciaries, like lawyers and bankers, were chosen to manage the young heir's money. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Framework Based Clues &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;To find meanings from text-based clues (like contrast clues, comparison clues, definition clues, example clues), you looked for clues in the sentence itself. A second kind of clue does not rely on specific words or punctuation marks to indicate meaning. This kind of context clue is called framework-based &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Your knowledge of the meanings of surrounding words helps you discover the meaning of a word or of a sentence. The background information you find in these frameworks helps you get the meanings of new words. Common sense and your knowledge of the parts of speech also help in defining unknown words. You combine your experience with what the text contains to determine meaning. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Framework Based Clue Example: The angry driver shouted vehemently during his fight with the other driver. What does vehemently mean? You know what angry means, and you know how people feel when they argue. From this, you can figure out that vehemently has something to do with strong emotion or intense feeling. This is an example of using framework-based context to find the meanings of new words. The meaning you find comes from your personal experience. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Sometimes it takes a bit more detective work to puzzle out the meaning of an unfamiliar word. In such cases, you must draw conclusions based on the information given with the word. Asking yourself questions about the passages may help you make a fairly accurate guess about the meaning of the unfamiliar word. Each of the sentences below is followed by a question. Think about each question; using your common sense and asking yourself a question about the sentence you should be able to know the correct meaning of the italicized word. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. A former employee, irate over having been fired, broke into the plant and deliberately wrecked several machines. (What would be the employee's state of mind?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. John always praised his bosses; he always agreed with what they said. He said he was just a good employee but his friends said he was a sycophant. (What behaviors were his friends describing with the word they put on John?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. The car wash we organized to raise funds was a fiasco -it rained all day. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;(How successful would a car wash be on a rainy day?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The first sentence provides enough evidence for you to guess that irate means very angry. Sycophant in the second sentence means sweet-talker. And a fiasco is a complete disaster. (These are not exact dictionary definitions of the words. But by using context clues, but you will often be accurate enough to make good sense of what you are reading. And the good thing is that you save time in your reading because you don’t have to look up every word!) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Try to answer the question that follows each item of the list on the other side of this page. Then use the logic of each answer to help you circle the letter of the meaning you think is correct. Note that some of these sentences have been taken from college textbooks. This should prove to you that your new skills in reading will help you in your college studies. In the future you will be able to make up your own questions to help you. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;1. Jamal didn't want to tell Tina the entire plot of the movie, so he just gave her the gist of the story. (What would Jamal say to Tina?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;2. The lizard was so lethargic that I wasn't sure if it was alive or dead. It didn't even blink. (How active is this lizard?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;3. After the accident, I was angered when the other driver told the police officer a complete fabrication about what happened. He made it seem that I was the only person at fault. (How truthful was the other driver's information?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;4. The public knows very little about the covert activities of CIA spies. (What kind of activities would the CIA spies be involved in that the public wouldn't know much about?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;5. Whether or not there is life in outer space is an enigma. We may never know for sure until we are capable of space travel or aliens actually land on our planet. (What would we call something to which we have no answer?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;6. Suicide rates tend to fluctuate with the seasons, with much higher rates in the winter than in the summer. (What happens to the suicide rate from season to season?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;7. Human beings are resilient creatures-they can often bounce back from negative experiences and adjust well to life. (What point is the author making about the nature of human beings ?&lt;br&gt;
Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;8. A major accomplishment of the field of sociology is dispelling the myths and prejudices that groups of people have about each other. (What would teachers of sociology do to "myths and prejudices" that could be considered a "major accomplishment"?) &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;9. When he first heard the news that he had lost the job, Peter showed a pugnacious attitude. But later when other alternatives were explained to him, he became less hostile. (What attitude would you feel when you lose your job? &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Answer the question: ………………………………………………………………… &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Meaning of the word: …………………………………………………………………&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;B.R.ARYAL&lt;br&gt;
MOTHERLAND HSS,POKHARA,NEPAL&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/how_to_find_the_meaning_of_words_as_you_~2473096/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/how_to_find_the_meaning_of_words_as_you_~2473096/</link><pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 10:10:46 +0200</pubDate></item><item><title>Human Rights</title><description>	&lt;p&gt;ROLE OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN NEPAL&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;BABURAM ARYAL&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;SUBMITTED TO:&lt;br&gt;
CENTRAL DEPARTMENT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY KIRTIPUR KATHMANDU NEPAL&lt;br&gt;
2006&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Contents&lt;br&gt;
1.	Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….&lt;br&gt;
2.	Statement of Problem………………………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
3.	Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
4.	Significance of the study…………………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
5.	Limitation of the study………………………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
6.	Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
7.	Research Methodology………………………………………………………………..&lt;br&gt;
7.1	Universe and Sample Size……………………………….&lt;br&gt;
7.2	Research Design……………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
7.3	Technique of Data Collection……………………….&lt;br&gt;
7.4	Nature of Data………………………………………………&lt;br&gt;
7.5	Data Analysis and Presentation………………………&lt;br&gt;
7.6	Organization of the Study ……………………………….&lt;br&gt;
7.7	Budgeting and timeframe…………………………………&lt;br&gt;
8. REFERENCE:&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;LIST OF ABBREVIATION&lt;br&gt;
NHRC		: National Human Rights Commission&lt;br&gt;
UNDP		: United Nations Development Program&lt;br&gt;
ICRC		: International Committee of Red Cross&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;INTRODUCTION&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The small landlocked country, Nepal lies in between India and China. The total area of Nepal is 147181sqkm. It is rectangular in shape , about 128km wide and 880 km long(Nepal Family Health Survey,1997).Topographically , the country is divided into Mountains, hills , and Terai (flat-land).Seven percent of total population of lives in Mountains , 44 percent in hills and 48 percent in Terai (NPC,2001).According to the NGO Working Group on International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights(ICESCR), the poorest 20 percent of the population in Nepal share 7.6 percent of national wealth, whereas the richest 20 percent share  44.8 percent of the GDP(July,2002).This means except for a few landlords , industrialists , businessman , politicians , bureaucrats , and technocrats everyone in Nepal is poor. The relative wealth is found in Katmandu and other urban areas only. Because of the patriarchal society while 54 percent of the adults are literate, 65 percent of men and 43 percent of the women can read and write (NPC, 2001)&lt;br&gt;
Established formally on 26 May 2000 according to the Human Rights Commission Act 1997, the National Human Rights Commission is committed for the protection and promotion of human rights in Nepal. In the present context Nepal is in the condition of the armed conflict there is one of the force the at is the Maoist force which is fighting for the republican state and the government which has the Nepalese army with them. Although there had been faint hopes for the ceasefire between His Majesty's Government and the Maoists, the failure of peace talks between the two parties has only led to further deterioration of the human rights situation in Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
	Many innocent people have lost their lives in the ongoing armed conflicts and many more have become orphans, disabled and crippled. The number of people who have disappeared, abducted, tortured or harassed are also on the rise which has further deteriorated the image of Nepal in the international community. According to the reports of the Amnesty International, Nepal comes as one of the top countries with regards to the new cases of disappearances. This reflects the weakening human rights condition in Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
		Due to the limited human and capital resources, the commission has not been able to perform its job to the desired expectations. However, with the continued support and trust of both the national and international organizations, civil society and Nepalese people, the commission has established its identity within a very short of periods of the establishment .In order to regulate its work and make it more effective , the commission has also formulated a Strategic Plan of Action 2004-2008 which has been implemented recently. Simply, the commission has also expanded its horizon by establishing four regional offices; in each of the developmental regions of Nepal it has also opened the five district contract offices as well.&lt;br&gt;
	Following the reinstatement of democracy in 1990, Nepal has declared its total commitment to protecting and promoting human rights. This pledge is reflected in the Human Rights Commission Act 1997, which has incorporated the human rights principles contained in international declarations in its definitions of human rights. Believing that all-around development of Nepalese society would be possible only by accepting the international declarations related to human rights, the National Human Rights Commission was established with such a purpose in mind. The shape of newly established Commission was decided after a series of discussions were held on how it should look likkle.HRCA, 1997 has assigned the responsibility of human rights protection and promotion to the NHRC. With a view to creating public awareness through human rights education, the Commission has organized several training programs and seminars during the reported year. As the human rights commission act 1997 has entrusted the commission with the responsibility for organizing trainings, seminars, and workshops for the promotion of human &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;NHRC: An Introduction&lt;br&gt;
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of Nepal is an independent and autonomous statutory body established in the year 2000 under the Human Rights Commission Act 1997 (2053 BS).  It has a separate sphere of responsibilities in the constitutional legal system of the country. These responsibilities complement the responsibilities of  the normal machinery of the administration of Justice, the Supreme Court, the Office of the Attorney General, the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, and other existing executive, quasi-judicial or judicial bodies performing in the legal system of Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
The Commission is created in response to 1991 UN-sponsored meeting of representatives of national institutions held in Paris, which laid down a detailed set of principles on the status of national institutions - commonly known as the Paris Principles. These principles, subsequently endorsed by the UN Commission on Human Rights (Resolution 1992/54 of 3 March 1992) and the UN General Assembly (Resolution 48/134 of 20 December 1993, annex) have become the foundation and reference point for the establishment and operation of the National Human rights Commission of Nepal as well.&lt;br&gt;
The establishment and constitution of the Commission complies with the minimum standards set out in the 'Paris Principles'. To name a few, they are independence guaranteed by statute or constitution; autonomy from His Majesty's Government of Nepal, pluralism, including in membership; a broad mandate based on universal human rights standards; and adequate powers of investigation. Article 9 of the Human Rights Commission Act vests primary responsibility in the Commission to protect and promote the human rights of Nepalese people. In order to perform this responsibility, the Commission can conduct inquiries and investigations, on its own or upon a petition or complaint files to it on violation of human rights and abetment thereo, and carelessness and negligence in the prevention of violations of the human rights by any person, organization or authority concerned. It can also inquire into a matter with the permission of the court in respect of any claim on violations of human rights, which is sub judice in the court. The Commission can visit and observe any authority, jail or any organization under the Government of Nepal and to submit necessary recommendations to it on the reform to be made on the functions, procedures and physical facilities which may be made necessary for such an organization for the protection of human rights.&lt;br&gt;
Apart from these powers, the statue maintains that the Commission may review the provisions on safeguards provided by the Constitution and other prevailing law for the enforcement of human rights and submit necessary recommendations for the effective implementation of such provisions. The power encompasses the study of international treaties and instruments on human rights and submit the necessary and appropriate recommendations to the Government for effective implementation of the related provisions. As such, it can also make necessary recommendations to His Majesty's Government regarding reports to be furnished by Nepal pursuant to the provisions of international treaties on human rights. On the matters of Nepal's obligation to furnish reports under international treaties on human rights, the Government is obligated to furnish reports upon receiving the opinion of the Commission thereon.&lt;br&gt;
The Commissin is also responsible to undertake or cause to be undertaken research in the field of human rights, and evaluate the existing human rights situation of the country. It may publicise and propagate human rights education among the various sections of society through various seminars, symposia, conferences and also build consciousness and wareness about the guarantees bestowed by law for the protection of human rights.  Another power of the Commission is to encourage the functioning and efforts of institutions working in the non-governmental sector. In addition, there is a general power to carry out such activities, as the Commission may deem necessary and appropriate for the enforcement, promotion and protection of human rights.&lt;br&gt;
The Commission has one Chairman and four other members. They all are full time appointees All of them are appointed by His Majesty the King upon the recommendation of the Recommendation Committee constituted under the Act. The remuneration, facilities and other conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the Commission are prescribed by the Regulations of 2001. In any case, there is a statutory guarantee that their remuneration and facilities shall not be less than the remuneration and facilities to which judges of the Supreme Court of Nepal are entitled. The meetings of the Commission, normally twice a month, is held on such date and in such place as the Chairperson decides. The Secretary of the Commission is the focal point for the administration. He is also appointed by the King on the recommendation of the Commission. The Commission has power to appoint employees as may be required to carry out its functions. In case the Commission requests any government office for assistance in the performance of its functions, the office so requested must provide the required assistance. The Commission may, in order to carry out the objectives of this Act, frame necessary rules. While doing so the Commission may consult His Majesty's Government. It can also delegate any of its powers to the Chairperson or any member or employee of the Commission or to an officer of the Government or to the Committee or sub-committee that may be constituted under this Act or to any person.&lt;br&gt;
The budget of the Commission comes from His Majesty's Government. But the Commission may obtain such means and resources from different agencies by way of grants as are required for the performance of its functions. The accounts of the Commission is to be audited by the Auditor General of Nepal. &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;LITERATURE REVIEW&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;	According to the Maurice Cranstan human rights are the rights of all people at all times and in all situations (1973) even in the times of conflict and national emergency. It is universally true to respect life, to respect for one's dignity, to be dealt with honesty, to have one's interest, to be freed from coercion and intrusion, and to have one's distress cared for.&lt;br&gt;
	Human rights are the rights of individuals to meet their needs and purposes (Macfurlane: 1985). Ronald Dworkin argues that rights of individuals are "political trumps" that can be held against decisions made by specific institutions (Encyclopedia Americana, 1996). Every man , woman and child has permanent importance for the basic needs for daily life ,Human rights to be practicable as the rights to an adequate livelihood as per the resources and opportunities of a nation. Practicability not only implies economic and social rights, but it also includes liberty and non –interference in an individual or group rights.&lt;br&gt;
	The concept of human rights as legal rights is there because there are the rights to which all men are entitled under international , domestic or customary laws which constitute a legal system based on the rule of law. Macfarlane states "Human rights as enforceable domestic legal rights require a domestic legal system bases of the rule of law affording protection to individuals in the enjoyment of rights under the law(1985).However human rights international law expresses three propositions:&lt;br&gt;
1. To respect fundamental rights and freedoms of all persons within their territories&lt;br&gt;
2. to prevent discrimination by reason of sex, race, religion, and language&lt;br&gt;
3. And to promote universal respect for human rights and corporate with each other.&lt;br&gt;
                                                (Shaw1997)&lt;br&gt;
Edward Lawson writes" Human rights are entitlements due to every man woman and child because they are human. they include the rights pertaining to the security of the person , including the right not to  be deprived of life or liberty without due process of law ;the right not to be tortured or subject to cruel inhumane , or degrading treatment or punishment: and the right not to be  held in slavery or servitude. The violation can never be justified, even by a state of national emergency, (Encyclopedia of Human Rights, 1996)&lt;br&gt;
	In the last quarter of the 20th century human rights became an important international legal and political discourse. Human rights refer to the well-being and dignity of individuals and groups. Some philosopher's ands human rights thinkers believe that the notion of human rights originated in the Western tradition of national law of individualism. Some non-western philosophers argue the idea of human rights was already there in well-developed form In Hindu –Buddhist tradition. According to Rolf Kunnermann Human rights are a special kind of rights, each human right is a relation between the person and the state, or more specifically between the vulnerable person and the groups (beneficiaries) and the state or community of states (duty holders)&lt;br&gt;
	Human rights are the rights possessed by all persons by virtue of their common humanity , to live a life of freedom and dignity(UNDP:2000).Human right could be generally defined as those rights which are inherent in our nature and without which we cannot live as human beings (Zamir,1990).United Nations introduced the International Convent on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convent on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , similarly the implementation of protection of civilians . Unarmed combatants and hostages has become the sole international concern at the time of war. Thus human right has become an international concern rather than sternly domestic issues only. Gradually United Nations has also codified the rights concerning the requirements of men, women, children, refugees, and minorities. The Geneva Convention 1949 extremely detailed and give full attention to the rights of prisoners at the time of war. Part I Article 3 stresses that in cases of armed conflicts not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High contracting parties each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply as a minimum the following provisions:&lt;br&gt;
	Persons taking no active part in the hostilities. including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat  by sickness , wounds , detention , or any other cause .shall in all circumstances be treated humanely , without any adverse distribution founded on race , color religion or faith , sex.birth, health, ar any other similat critera.&lt;br&gt;
	The concept of human rights were addressed in the ancient period by Hindu-Buddhist concept of the Dharmic system of "Collection Good". Unlike the present day rule of law , however there was no political freedom in the Kirat and Lichevi periods (250-1140)but there were good relations between the sovereign authority of the king and the people . During the Medieval Malla Period (1140-1768),Jayasthiti Malla (1354-1395) legislated many rules and made a number of notable social and religious contribution to the foundation of social structures in Nepal . During the Shah Period (1559 onwards) Ram Shah, the king of Gorkha introduced a lot of economic , judicial , administrative , and religious reforms. Tung Bahadur Rana was against the Sati Pratha and he decleared it illegal. (Thapa, 1995)During the Rana rule the system of Kamara(male slave)andKamari(female slave) was highly practiced, In nineteenth century Bir Samsher for the first time made a lot of administrative , social , economic, and judicial reforms when he opened Darbar High School ,Bir Hospital for the sake of people's rights.&lt;br&gt;
	The history of constitutional law of Nepal is not very old. When the Prime minister Padma Samsher Rana was pressured to constitute a system for democracy ,human right and parliament in Nepal in the establishment of political liberalization, independent judiciary etc, In a historic speech of mat 16, 1947 he promulgated the government of Nepal Act 1948 on April 1 1948 which became the first written constitutional document of the kingdom of Nepal.(Tripathi,2000)Then According to the advice of the council of Ministers the Interim Government of Nepal Act 1951 was promulgated by King Tribhuvan on March 30, 1951.It is formally transformed all the political powers to the peoplr , which is popularly known as the "{olitical Manifesto of transforming of power THe Axt is also called as Interin Constitution To settle inter and intra party disputes , King Mahendra successfully promulgated the third constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 1959 on  February 12 , 1959. Invoking the emergency power of the constitution of 1959 he arrested Prime Minister B.P.Koirala without any warrant on December, 15, 1960 and dissolved parliament, banned parties, suspended the fundamental rights along with most key articles of the constitution. Again he promulgated a now "Constitution of Nepal" on December 15, 1962.This is known as the Royal Panchayat or simply Panchayati Constitution. Keeping all the opposition leaders in jail, the Panchayati government prioress economic and social rights to all the people at the expense of their civil and political rights. In 1990 new constitution was made a liberal attitude Nepalese constitution 1990 guarantees fundamental human rights to every citizen. However the state has not been able to implement them properly and systematically. Although a great majority of poor disadvantaged ,marginalized and vulnerable people are excluded from the fruits of democracy &lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;STATEMENT OF PROBLEM&lt;br&gt;
To carry out the functions ,fulfill duties and exercise the rights provided by the Human Rights Commission Act 1997,to discharge its works in a planned manner, and also to implement the programs geared towards promoting the human rights culture in the country ,the commission has finalized its Strategic Plan (2003-2008) on 25 November 2003. As in previous year, many cases of abduction, torture and harassment were reported to the Commission. On the one hand, the Maoists are continuing their violence by killing those who they suspect are state informants, and whoever they believe are against their ideology of people's war; on the other hand, the state has also not abided by the law and the judicial procedures of the constitution, and has thus violated the human rights by continued killing .torturing and harnessing of the innocent civilians. The lives of many innocent people have thus been seriously affected due to the continued violence of involving the use of children as human shields, abduction, torture, extortion, confiscation of innocent people's property, closure of educational institutions and road blockades.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;	Adopting a participatory approach, the strategic Plan has been formulated on the basis of suggestions and options received from the people of diverse walks of life. They include not only the Commission's officials and employees, but also those of the government agencies, other human rights commissions, human rights related agencies and of the NHRC projects, as well as intellectuals, intelligentsia , and foreign diplomats. The mission of strategic plan is:&lt;br&gt;
	"Our mission is to develop a culture of human rights in the country by taking a leading role as an impartial national institution for the protection and promotion of human rights in accordance with universally recognized human rights principles."&lt;br&gt;
	The Plan has been developed the strategic programs by identifying certain critical issues of human rights, such as the existing conflict, impediments to exercise the basic rights of the constitution and other laws of the country , gender and caste based discrimination , as well as sexual harassment and molestation . Other key issues include the issue of torture meted out in the pretext of witchcraft (Boksi), violence against children and women, child labor, obstacles in exercising the citizens' ESC Rights, problems relating to human rights education and awareness, and state of impunity.&lt;br&gt;
	The principle of equity, impartiality, accountability, independency and autonomy has been incorporated in the Commission's Strategic Plan as core values. The programmers required for successfully translating the Strategic Plan into action are also in the process of implementation. This is expected to contribute to the enhancement of the Commission's capability to protect and promote human rights, as the Plan and its programmers serve as the basis for future activities in accordance with the Commission's Act.&lt;br&gt;
	To ensure uniformity not only in human rights monitoring and investigation activities to be executed for at central, regional and districts levels , but also in imparting human rights  training in other organizations in regard to monitoring and research on rights violation , the Commission has developed its monitoring and investigation directive which has reached the final stage . This is expected to make an important contribution in effectively accomplishing the monitoring and investigation activities in relation to human rights and abuse. Efforts will be made to make sure the Directive contain all the aspects covered by the Commission's Action Plan, and issues relating to socio-cultural and economic rights.&lt;br&gt;
	For the protection of human rights , the commission has been as per the Human Rights Act 2053, taking action on various cases of human rights violations brought to the fore either at the initiative of the commission itself or reports appearing in various newspapers or petitions filed by different organizations . The Commission has also been seeking punishment for the violators of human rights and compensation for the victims. Regarding these petitions, the Commission has been writing to the different agencies and departments of the Government of Nepal to notify as well as to seek the necessary assistance. However, inability to get the desired response and an uncooperative attitude towards the Commission have posted a big challenge in the protection of the human rights .Given the growing number of incidents related to human rights violations as a result of the more than eighty-year-long conflict, the limited resources , materials and access are inadequate for human rights protection activities. In view of this grave situation, if the government is unable to provide the necessary assistance to the Commission, protecting human rights will be extremely challenging.&lt;br&gt;
	The Commission has been moving ahead despite the numerous challenges it faces in carrying  out its responsibilities as granted by the Nepal Human Rights Commission Act 2053.During this report period fraught with incidents of killings, violence and declaration of a state of emergency which has resulted in the suspension of all human rights granted by the Constitution, the Commission had to pass through a testing time to identify its appropriate role.&lt;br&gt;
	The Commission has taken important initiative to guarantee of civil and political rights alone do not address the people's basic human rights. It is important that the economic, social, and cultural rights are guaranteed to address the main causes of the conflict- poverty, unemployment, social disparity, disproportionate distribution of resources and material- and to find a peaceful way out. Since only through the combined efforts of the government, rebels, donors, and civil society can this materialize, the initiatives taken by the Commission to guarantee the economic, social, and cultural rights are just as challenging.&lt;br&gt;
	From the very inception, NHRC has been monitoring human rights in different parts of country in a bid to collect facts relating to human rights violation and encode them, and to recommend and draw attention to the protection of human rights after analyzing the reports received. The Commission has been receiving important help from government agencies, the army, and police as well as from non-governmental organizations working in the monitoring activities. During the time of the establishment the Commission has monitored human rights situation of all the 75 districts.&lt;br&gt;
	Since the majority of the complaints filed at the Commission deal with disappearances, extra-judicial executives and illegal detention, the commission has written to the armed police, civil police and other agencies of the Government of Nepal for the truth . However the Commission either to receive the information it is seeking or the response is late, incompletes or inadequate. There has also been an attitude to ignore the recommendations given , posing easy to acquire information from and gain access to the police , the Supreme Court has been requesting the Commission to probe into the disappearances and file a report, but on the other hand , it has not been easy for the Commission to gain access to the army's barracks. This poses obstacles in not only looking into the complaints but also executing the orders of the court.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;	OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY&lt;br&gt;
Although increasing number of government bodies of the commission there are still some who take the commission as part of the government or in many situations put the commission in the rank of other non-governmental organizations (NGO). There are also some who raise questions about the utility of the formation of the commission and on its legal responsibilities. This lack of clarity often leads to raising questions on the very relevancy of the commission. There are even high officials of the government who lack a clear understanding about the Commission. The government side harbors the notion that the Commission only raises questions and makes suggestions on the violation of human rights by the officials working in government bodies and it is not concerned about the violation from the Maoist side. The formation of the Commission was to look into the violation of the human rights by the government bodies and to make recommendations on the responsibilities of the government to give the sense of human rights to the citizens. If any group or individual other than the government does anything that violates the human rights it comes under the serious crime to other activities against the law according to the nature of the work. It falls under the state's responsibility to take action against those individual or group to protect the people's rights. Therefore, the Commission does not look into controversies between individuals, but look into the violation to human rights by the bodies to take actions due to its failure to fulfill its responsibility and makes necessary recommendations to the concerned bodies. The related bodies should be clear about it. In the present situation of conflict the Commission has received complaints of the non –state party calling itself a new regime of involving in murder, rape, kidnapping and other activities that violates human rights. Legally, the Commission is in no situation of making recommendation, order or take action against the non-party. Still the Commission all efforts on how to make the non–state party responsible. That is why, because the responsible units are not clear about the limit, area of authority and its reach, the commission has to face additional challenges in its functioning. The main objectives of the study will be as follows:&lt;br&gt;
1.	To give the general concept of human rights sketching the historical development of human right situation in Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
2.	To find out the role of National Human Rights Commission for the promotion and protection of human rights in Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
3.	To recommend the related agencies the problems of human rights situation of Nepal.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;STATEMENT OF PROBLEM&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The Commission cannot function effectively without appropriate cooperation from the government bodies and agencies. The Commission expects cooperation in areas such as providing information and notices demanded by it as soon as possible in unrestricted access to jail and custody and detention centre for the inspection and investigation and in implementing its suggestions. There is involvement of the security forces in several cases of human rights violation. Although getting access to the police forces is somewhat easier, access to the army is lacking.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;In the same context perhaps the Pioneer attempts to analyze the questions: what is the role NHRC is playing in the present situation of Nepal? How much preference is given to the peace process keeping the non –violation of human rights in Nepal? What is the fundamental role of this commission in the present day to day life of common people who are losing their life??What're the different kinds programmes that the commission developed for the promotion and protection of human rights situation which ones are more likely to contributes to social equity and environmental justice?&lt;br&gt;
	So these are the some of the questions that the research is needed to solve these questions and to address equity and justice issues in human rights  development, which could provide useful guidelines for the promotion of human rights  in Nepal.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;.Protection and promotion to the human rights plays a vital and significant role in fostering the human rights' culture in a country like Nepal where illiteracy, ignorance, and blind faith are widespread and there is majority of backward communities.The National Human Right Commission ' has the vital significance for the development of human right situation in the country like Nepal and the whole international in general. This study will further help for the effective implementation of the human right provisions in Nepal. However this study is not alone enough in this field , it will be useful for the planners and policy makers ,various kinds of NGOs and INGOs ,local bodies of the government (VDC,DDC,Municipality) and other government bodies (Executive ,Legislature,Judiciary)to formulate policies and plans concerning local development to a greater extent. With this concern this might be a small contribution in the human right situation analysis on the basis of equity and justice. The human right situation of Nepal can be taken as a guide for the further researcher in the similar kind of studies. On the other hand this study will be useful for those who want to know about the NHRC one of the most important organization working in the field of human rights.&lt;br&gt;
.Apart from this being a Master Degree Student of Rural Development and being from disadvantaged community, it would be better to the concept of human right in the present day situation where the armed conflict is growing in the country and without peace there is no possibility of development whether this subject is connected directly or indirectly.;&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;LIMITATION OF THE STUDY&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;The study has the following limitation:&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;●	The study will be conducted taking the secondary materials and data provided by the NHRC and other human rights related publications&lt;br&gt;
●	This research is conducted in the specific time given to the researcher by the university.&lt;br&gt;
●	This research is based on qualitative and quantitative data as well.&lt;/p&gt;
	&lt;p&gt;Organization of the study&lt;br&gt;
This thesis is divided into six chapters&lt;br&gt;
Chapter I: introduction of human rights in the context of Nepal and international provisions of human rights&lt;br&gt;
Chapter II: Literature Review with the development of human right provisions of Nepal.&lt;br&gt;
Chapter III: Defines the concept of human right&lt;br&gt;
Chapter IV: Describes the Research Methodology used to prepare this the thesis&lt;br&gt;
Chapter V: Examines the role of national human rights commission in the context of Nepal&lt;br&gt;
Chapter VI Conclusions and Recommendations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;a href="http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/human_rights~2472321/#comments"&gt;Comments&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/small&gt; &lt;/p&gt;</description><link>http://literaturebabu.blog.co.uk/2007/06/18/human_rights~2472321/</link><pubDate>Mon, 18 Jun 2007 07:19:53 +0200</pubDate></item></channel></rss>
